By juxtaposing these competing framing efforts, this study adds a new dimension – that of the ‘many hands’ of the state – to the scholarship on feminist framing. Whereas the ‘official republicanism’ frame utilized by pro-ban feminists affirmed legislators’ integrationist objectives, the ‘emancipatory universalism’ of the anti-ban movement aligned with a rights-based secularism inscribed in French law. Drawing on textual and interview data capturing feminists’ responses to France’s 2010 ‘burqa ban’, this article shows that, rather than seek either resonance or radicalism, supporters and opponents of this law framed their concerns in relation to discursive opportunities located in different arenas of state power. However, less research examines how cleavages in those structures – which stem from incongruities in the policy frames put forward by different state institutions – influence such processes. Studies suggest that discursive opportunity structures embedded in state laws and policies critically shape the framing efforts of feminist movements.
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